Veterinary Handbook Contents 4.1 IntroductionThis section describes the disease syndromes of cattle, sheep and goats that may be observed between arrival at the assembly feedlot and destination port. A syndrome is a common set of signs that may be displayed by animals suffering from one or more conditions. When animals present with a syndrome, the animal could be suffering from one or more of the specific conditions that may be associated with that syndrome. Lists of the major syndromes and their differential diagnoses are presented in alphabetical order in Tables 4.1 (sheep and goats) and 4.2 (cattle). The individual descriptions of the diseases and conditions then proceed in alphabetical order, providing information on definition, pathogenesis, incidence, risk factors, clinical and necropsy diagnosis, differential diagnoses, treatment and prevention. An awareness of the differential diagnoses that may be associated with a syndrome is important. It reduces the likelihood of misdiagnosis, which is important for diagnosing or excluding exotic and emergency diseases. It also increases the likelihood of reaching the correct diagnosis, which leads to selection of effective treatment and preventive measures to reduce the recurrence of disease. A large number of diseases and conditions are mentioned, including some that are rarely seen. Less common conditions are included for completeness, because they are differential diagnoses for syndromes that have other more common causes. They also help users make accurate diagnoses for insurance, disease reporting and exotic disease exclusion purposes.The major conditions that can cause increased mortality and that have triggered disease investigations in the past are asterisked in each table: salmonellosis, inanition, heat stress, pneumonia and trauma in sheep, and respiratory disease or pneumonia, heat stress and trauma in cattle. With regard to drug treatments, dosages, intervals and duration of treatments are not specified. This information should be obtained from product information that must accompany all drugs. In addition the MLA publication on Best Practice Use of Veterinary Drugs[3] provides withholding periods and broad advice on choosing and using veterinary drugs. Table 4.1: Clinical syndromes of sheep and goats, and specific diseases Syndrome Specific Diseases in Handbook Abdominal distension Abdominal distension Abdominal hernia Bloat Gastrointestinal obstruction Pregnancy - advanced Urinary tract obstruction Colic (abdominal pain) Abdominal distension Diarrhoea Enterotoxaemia Rumen acidosis Urinary tract obstruction Diarrhoea Coccidiosis Copper deficiency Diarrhoea Enterotoxaemia Gastrointestinal parasitism Indigestion Monensin poisoning Rumen acidosis Salmonellosis* Downer Asphyxiation Decubital ulcers Downer Exhaustion Foot abscess Footrot Monensin poisoning Spinal cord injury Swollen legs Traumatic injuries* Eye disease Eye cancer Eye discharge Eye foreign body Pinkeye Illthrift Abomasal ulcer Abscess Actinobacillosis Bulling Caseous lymphadenitis Gastrointestinal parasitism Heart failure – congestive Illthrift Inappetence/inanition* Johne’s disease Ketosis Malnutrition Monensin poisoning Salmonellosis* Shy feeders Knuckling Asphyxiation Bulling Downer Gastrocnemius muscle rupture Ketosis Knuckling Nervous disease Spinal cord injury Transit tetany Traumatic injuries* Lameness Arthritis Bulling Foot abscess Footrot Gastrocnemius muscle rupture Haematoma – cutaneous Knuckling Lacerations Lameness Laminitis Nutritional myopathy Overgrown hooves Swollen legs Salmonellosis* Nasal discharge Gastrointestinal obstruction Nasal bots Nasal discharge Oesophageal obstruction Respiratory distress Nervous disease Annual ryegrass toxicity Copper deficiency Downer Enterotoxaemia Hepatic encephalopathy Hypocalcaemia Ketosis Lice Meningitis Middle ear abscess Nervous disease Nitrate - nitrite poisoning Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Polioencephalomalacia Rumen acidosis Salt poisoning Spinal cord injury Transit tetany Respiratory distress Asphyxiation Bloat Exhaustion Heart failure – congestive Heat stress* Pneumonia* Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Respiratory distress Skin lesions Abdominal hernia Abscess Actinobacillosis Alopecia Decubital ulcers Dermatophilosis Fleece rot Flystrike Haematoma – cutaneous Itch mite Lacerations Lice Photosensitisation Pizzle rot Ringworm Scabby mouth Skin swellings Squamous cell carcinoma Warts Straining Abortion Coccidiosis Constipation Gastrointestinal obstruction Metritis Pizzle rot Pregnancy - advanced Prolapse of the rectum Prolapse of the uterus Prolapse of the vagina Retained foetal membranes Urinary tract obstruction Sudden death Abomasal ulcer Annual ryegrass toxicity Asphyxiation Blackleg and malignant oedema Bloat Copper poisoning Cyanide poisoning Electrocution Enterotoxaemia Heart failure – congestive Heat stress* Hypocalcaemia Lupinosis Nitrate - nitrite poisoning Pneumonia - embolic* Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Polioencephalomalacia Rumen acidosis Salmonellosis* Salt poisoning Sudden death Traumatic reticuloperitonitis Swelling of the head and neck Abscess Actinobacillosis Big head Bluetongue Bottle jaw Iodine deficiency Retained cud Salivary duct blockage Swellings on the body and limbs Abdominal hernia Abscess Arthritis Blackleg and malignant oedema Bloat Caseous lymphadenitis Decubital ulcers Haematoma – cutaneous Heart failure – congestive Mastitis Pizzle rot Prolapse of the rectum Prolapse of the vagina Urinary tract obstruction * Major conditions that can cause increased mortality Table 4.2: Clinical syndromes of cattle and their specific diseases Syndrome Specific disease sections in Handbook Abdominal distension Abdominal distension Abdominal hernia Abomasal displacement Bloat Gastrointestinal obstruction Oesophageal obstruction Pregnancy - advanced Urinary tract obstruction Vagal indigestion Colic (abdominal pain) Abdominal distension Diarrhoea Enterotoxaemia Rumen acidosis Urinary tract obstruction Diarrhoea Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Coccidiosis Copper deficiency Diarrhoea Enterotoxaemia Gastrointestinal parasitism Indigestion Monensin poisoning Rumen acidosis Salmonellosis* Downer Asphyxiation Decubital ulcers Downer Ephemeral fever Exhaustion Foot abscess Footrot Monensin poisoning Spinal cord injury Swollen legs Traumatic injuries* Eye disease Eye cancer Eye discharge Eye foreign body Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Malignant catarrhal fever Pinkeye Illthrift Abomasal displacement Abomasal ulcer Abscess Actinobacillosis Bulling Gastrointestinal parasitism Heart failure – congestive Illthrift Inappetence/inanition* Johne’s disease Ketosis Malnutrition Monensin poisoning Salmonellosis* Shy feeders Tick fever Vagal indigestion Knuckling Asphyxiation Bulling Downer Gastrocnemius muscle rupture Ketosis Knuckling Nervous disease Spinal cord injury Transit tetany Traumatic injuries* Lameness Arthritis Bulling Ephemeral fever Foot abscess Footrot Gastrocnemius muscle rupture Haematoma - cutaneous Knuckling Lacerations Lameness Laminitis Mastitis Nutritional myopathy Overgrown hooves Swollen legs Traumatic injuries* Nasal discharge Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Gastrointestinal obstruction Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Malignant catarrhal fever Nasal discharge Oesophageal obstruction Pneumonia* Respiratory distress Nervous disease Annual ryegrass toxicity Copper deficiency Downer Enterotoxaemia Hepatic encephalopathy Hypocalcaemia Ketosis Lice Meningitis Middle ear abscess Nervous disease Nitrate-nitrite poisoning Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Polioencephalomalacia Rumen acidosis Salt poisoning Spinal cord injury Transit tetany Respiratory distress Asphyxiation Bloat Exhaustion Heart failure – congestive Heat stress* Pneumonia - Cattle* Pneumonia - Embolic* Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Respiratory distress Skin lesions Abdominal hernia Abscess Actinobacillosis Alopecia Decubital ulcers Dermatophilosis Flystrike Haematoma - cutaneous Lacerations Lice Mange mite Photosensitisation Pseudolumpy skin disease Ringworm Skin swellings Squamous cell carcinoma Stephanofilariasis Warts Straining Abortion Coccidiosis Constipation Diarrhoea Gastrointestinal obstruction Metritis Pregnancy - advanced Prolapse of the rectum Prolapse of the uterus Prolapse of the vagina Retained foetal membranes Urinary tract obstruction Sudden death Abomasal ulcer Annual ryegrass toxicity Asphyxiation Blackleg and malignant oedema Bloat Copper poisoning Cyanide poisoning Electrocution Enterotoxaemia Heart failure - congestive Heat stress* Hypocalcaemia Lupinosis Monensin poisoning Nitrate-nitrite poisoning Pneumonia - embolic* Poisoning with lubricants, fumigants or exhaust gases Polioencephalomalacia Rumen acidosis Salmonellosis* Salt poisoning Sudden death Traumatic reticulopericarditis Swelling of the head and neck Abscess Actinobacillosis Bluetongue Bottle jaw Iodine deficiency Lumpy jaw Retained cud Salivary duct blockage Swellings on the body and limbs Abdominal hernia Abscess Arthritis Blackleg and malignant oedema Bloat Decubital ulcers Haematoma - cutaneous Heart failure - congestive Mastitis Prolapse of the rectum Prolapse of the vagina Urinary tract obstruction * Major conditions that can cause increased mortality 3. Best Practice Use of Veterinary Drugs, LiveCorp & Meat and Livestock Australia Ltd, 2008BackNext